Biology Report "The Influence of Temperature to Activity of Organism"
Makassar
State University
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A.
Background
The temperature has an important influence to the organism activity, such as the digestive
enzyme in the digestive process that uncomptely will be produced in fases that
there are some energy will loose.
Most of some animals can born their live to face the
external environment fluctuation that
more extreme if compared with the condition that can be tolerance of
each individual cell.in along day make a temperature change in some degree
above the average of normal temperature.
Dissolved oxygen. Sourcemore of dissolved
oxygen in water are:
a)
Air through the diffusion and water agitation
b)
Photosynthesis is influenced by plant density,
amount of light, and duration of illumination. Reduction of dissolved oxygen
can be influenced by organism respiration, decomposition of organic matter by
microorganisms, other gas reduction, the release of dissolved oxygen that is
automatically influenced by temperature and degree of saturation. On the river by the rushing stream or river headwaters
Dissolved oxygen levels and higher carbon dioxide content lower compared with
the river downstream. This because the downstream temperature increase that
result in reduced dissolved oxygen levels. In addition to temperature and speed
of flow, decomposition of organic detritus use of oxygen can affect dissolved
oxygen levels. Decomposition of organic detritus is more common in downstream areas
river. To learn of these situations it will be done this practicum units VII.
That
s why from the above reason, it is absolutely important for us to proven that
theory by doing a simple experiment to know more the influence of the
temperature to the organism activity. Trough this simple experiment we can
proven it directly.
B. Purpose
From
this experiment the students are expected to be able to compare the speed of
the oxygen using by an organism in the different temperature.
C. Benefit
The
students are able to compare the speed of
oxygen by an organism in the different temperature
CHAPTER II
PREVIEW OF
LITERATURE
Temperature
is one of the environmental physical factor that can be measured with various
way. Temperature has important role to measure the biological organism
activity. Wheter the animals and plant. It occur because the temperature give influence to the
chemical reaction speed in the body and also the determine the metabolic
activity for instance in respiration activity. As the other environmental
factor, temperature also has explained in ecology, namely “Shelford Tolerance
Law”. With a simple tool, his experiment about the influence of the temperature
to the respiration organism activity is not really difficult to do, by ising
the simple respiromoter (Tim Pengajar,2010).
The degree
concept is a concept that required of
animalin the other temperature of range nonletal. It is not like the human and
the other endotermal animals generally,
that the exotemal anials do not consider need a long time, but they need time
and temperature. The combination of two aspect named as physiological time
(Soetjipta,1994).
The body
temperature of fish generally range from it is water temperature. The
metabolism heat that the generated by the swim muscle is dissapper into the
surround water trough the operculum, then dorsal aorta sent the blood directly into the inner blood that
it can cooling out its body. Endotermic fish involve some big species and
active such as the bluofin and dolphin. the swim muscle produced heat metabolic
that enough to increase the body temperature in inner part and adaptation
system of circulation to differences the metabolic heat then the big artery
send the most of the cool blood from operculum to the ephydermis tissue in the
skin. The branch of artery sent the blood to the inner muscle where the small
vessel arrand to change the current heat. The metabolism is very sensitive to
the changing of the environmental temperature. Such as the cellular respiration
speed can be increased until a specific point and than it can decreased when
the temperature have to high it can denatured the enzyme work. These membrane
properties also change with the temperature changing ( Campbell,1999).
Environmental factor often fluctuated, either daily or
sensional nature, sometime in extreme condition fluctuation in environmental
factor will effect the lives of organism physiological process, behavior and
mortality. To reduce the bad effect of the fish environment adaption. Adaption
is the process or gradual adjustment made by an organism to new condition fish
will do that is by homestasy mechanism trying to make things stable as a result
of changes in environmental variables. Homeostasis mechanism occurs at the cellular
level by sitting the cell metabolism, cell membrane permeability control and
disposal of metabolic wasre. Temperature is the degree of hotness or coldness
of water measured on a definite scale such as degrees Celsius (oC) or degrees
Fahrenheit (oF). Water temperature is a key regulator of natural processes in
the aquatic environment. He can control the physiological functions of the
organism and contribute directly or indirectly with other components of water
quality affects aquatic quality. Controlling water temperature and spawning
Hatching, control activities, stimulate or inhibit the growth and development;
can cause death if the water gets hot or very cold suddenly. Cooler water is
typically hinder the development; more hot water is generally accelerate the
activity. Water temperature also affects various physical and chemical
reactions in the aquatic environment. Medium temperature also effects the
activity of enzyme involved in the catabolism.and anabolism (Anonim, 2011).
CHAPTER III
OBSERVATION METHOD
A.
Place and
Date
This
experiment’s is done at:
Day and Date : Wednesday, January 5th 2011
Time : 09.00-10.00 am
Place : Laboratory of Biology
Faculty Mathematis and Science
(at
the 2nd east floor part)
B.
Tools and
Materials
1. Tools
a)
Stem thermometer
b)
Stopwatch
c)
2 Becker Glass 1000 ml
2. Materials
a)
3 Goldfish
b)
Ice Stone
c)
Water faucet
d)
Hot Water
C.
Work
Procedure
1.
Prepared all the materials. Fill all the backer
with normal water, and then the first backer added with hot water and measured
the temperature of the water until 38 C. then entered a fish then counted and write
down the operculum as long as 1 minutes as much as 5 time.
2.
For the
second backer, it is the normal water. Measured the temperature until 27 C,
then entered a fish, counted and write the operculum as long as 1 minute as
much as 5 time.
3.
Used the firs backer to do the third measuring,
filled the backer with normal water and then added with ice then measured the
temperature until 15 C, then entered a fish, counted and wrote in the table the
operculum as long as 1 minute as much as 5 time.
CHAPTER IV
OBSERVATION RESULT
A.
Observation
Result
From
the experiment, we can get the result such
as :
a.
Observation
Table
Backer
|
Minutes
to ….
|
Average
|
||||
1
|
2
|
3
|
4
|
5
|
||
A
Warm
(380C)
|
161
|
137
|
143
|
183
|
199
|
165
|
B
Normal
(270C)
|
151
|
121
|
120
|
97
|
117
|
121
|
C
Cool
(15 0C)
|
119
|
89
|
90
|
73
|
86
|
91
|
- Analysing of
the data
1.
Backer glass (A), warm water (380)
T= 5 minutes
S= 823 movement
V= s/t= 823 move/5 mint = 165
move/minute
2.
Backer glass (B), normal water (270)
T= 5 minutes
S=
606 movement
V=
s/t= 606 move/5 minute = 121 move/minute
3.
Backer glass (C), cool water (150)
T= 5 minutes
S= 457 movement
V=457 move/5 minute= 91 move/minute
C. Discussion
1. Backer
glass A
In this backer glass is contained
warm water (380C) the frequency of operculum movement is 165
mov/minute. It occur because the density of the water temperature is not really
dense, the oxygen containing was minimized that the fish should breath faster.
Beside that if we view the metabolic
process where the fish is homoterm means that their body temperature follow the
environmental temperature. To increase their body temperature, so the fish
should do more combustion where this combustion can produce more oxygen.
2. Backer
glass B
In this backer glass is normal water
(270c) the frequency of operculum movement is 121 move/minute. It
occur because the oxygen amount that supplied and their body temperature enable
to make balancing that the oxygen amount that need in the metabolic process. This
balancing is shown in stable of movement.
3. Backer
glass C
In this backer is contained cool
water (150c), the frequency of the operculum is 91 move/minute. This
frequency is the lowest frequency than the other. It occur because the oxygen
amount is abundant. In metabolic process, so the body temperature should be
decreased. For that the fish should reduce their combustion process that the
oxygen need can be minimized if the body temperature reduce continuously, the
fish can not do their activities and their metabolic process become abnormal.
According to the theory, Shelford
said “Each organism has a maximum and minimum value in an ecology with the down
limited to their environmental factor. One of the important factor that
influence the organism activity. It can influence the speed of chemical
reaction in their body and also decide the metabolic activity. Temperature has
a certain range that can be tolerance.
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSSION AND SUGGESTION
A. Conclussion
After
done this experiment we can conclude that the temperature has an important
influence to the organism activity and the practican can compare the oxygen
using speed by an organism in different temperature. The frequency in the
temperature 380C is 165 move/minute, the temperature 27oC
is 121 move/minute, and the temperature 15oC is 91 move/minute.
B. Suggestion
For practican, be
careful in doing this lab because it deals with living environment temperature
is used, so the effect will affect the sustainability of living bodies.
For the
assistant, practican properly noticed in doing the experiment so that when
there are mistakes can be corrected immediately.
BIBLIOGHRAPY
Anonim.
2011.Adaptation. http://en.wikipedia.
Accessed on January 6th2011.
Neil,
Campbell. 1999. Biology Edisi V Jilid III. Jakarta: Erlangga.
Soetjipta.1994.
Dasar-dasar Ekologi Hewan. Yogyakarta: Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.
Tim Pengajar.2010. Penuntun Praktikum Biologi Dasar.
Makassar: FMIPA UNM.
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