Biology Report "Respiration"

Biology Report "Respiration"

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A.    Background

Respiration is one of the imperative function of the body that are of crucial importance for all the living organism be it human being, or the microscopic bacteria. In general the process of the respiration serves two basic purposes in living organism, the first one being disposal of electrons generated during catabolism and the second one being production of ATP. The respiration machinery is located in the cell membranes of prokaryots whereas it is placed in the inner membranes of mitochondria for eukaryotes. Respiration requires a terminal electron acceptor. Simple put, the respiration process which used oxygen as its terminal electron acceptor, it is called aerobic respiration and the one which use terminal electron other than oxygen, is called aerobic respiration.

All the living things on earth can not live without air, in this case the required air is oxygen living things that can be used to make the process of respiration in the body. Respiration is a respiration process conducted by each organism is done by every living organism on earth, the process of respiration is the mobilization of organic compounds and oxidize these compounds gradually and controlled to release energy for the realization of life. In addition, respiration was also the oxidation process food or organic material that occurs in cells that can be done in aerobic and anaerobic. Respiration is divided into two kinds, namely aerobic respiration or respiration is the process of respiration requires oxygen for example in humans and anaerobic respiration or respiration that does not require oxygen that can take place in the fermentation process.

So, that way are absolutely need to learn about the respiration process of an organism. There are  so much theory that support  this respiration process, but without experiment we can proven it directly and we also can not look the respiration process of the organism. So we do this simple experiment to add our knowledge about that. This simple respiration experiment in order that we can compare  the theories with result of the experiment that we had done.

B.     Purpose

The purpose of this experiment are:

1.    To proven that the organism need oxygen to do their respiration

2.    To compare the oxygen requirement of some organism based to their size.

C.    Benefit

The benefit of this experiment is that student can proven that organism need oxygen to do respiration and compare the oxygen requirement based to their size.

  

CHAPTER II
PREVIEW OF LITERATURE

Respiration is an axidation process of food material or organic material that occur in cell whether aerobic or an aerobic. In aerobic condition, the respiration need free oxygen and escape the carbondioxide and energy (Tim Pengajar,2010).

One of the most important catabolic process is respiration. Respiration is the means by which organic material such as carbohydrate, fats and protein are broken down into carbondiocxide and water, with must of the energy released being use in the shynthethis  or ATP. The biochemical reaction that accomplish this breakdown are referred to collectivelyas respiratory metabolism. Respiratory metabolism is a primary important in both plant and animals cell since the ATP it produces essential to a wide variety of reaction necessary for growth, development, and cellular work .the carbohydrate that are broken down in respiration are produced originally via photosynthesis and respiration are depicted in figure. In this model the energy of sunlight is used to drive the conveyor belt and raise water. Water that has been lifted upward some distance has increased in potential energy. The utilization of the energy sunlight to raise water and increase its potential energy is analogous to using light energy to produce high energy sugar from low energy carbondioxide and water during photosynthesis (Kaufman,1989).

Insect respiration is accomplished without lungs. Instead, the insect respiratory system use a system of internal tubes and through which gases either diffuse or are actively pumped, delivering oxygen directly to tissue that need it via to carry oxygen, and it is there fore  greatly reduced. The insect circulatory system has no veins or  arteries, and instead consist of little more than a single perforated dorsal tube with pulses paristaltically. Toward the thorax, the heart. The opposite end of the dorsal tube is like the aorta of the insect circulating the hemolypmh, arthropod fluid analog of blood,  inside the body of capacity (Anonim¹,2011).

The insect respiratory system an elaborate network of thin walled tracheal tubes, some of which end in air sacs. Finest branches carry oxygen to individual cell and tissues throughout the insect. In grasshoppers and some other large insect, air is pumped in and out of the spiracles by a bellows action of the abdomen, the spiracle opening and closing in synchrony with the pumping action (Wallace, 1991).

The differences between aerobic and anaerobic  respiration starting from the bio chemical pathway used to utilize biomolecules, to the amount of energy produced in the respiration process, there exist a lot of differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Let us discuss the two respiration processed separately with respect to the process out come and the chemical reaction involved in aerobic and anaerobic respiration. The rate of respiration may be influenced by several factors, among others (Anonim²,2011):

1.      Substrate availability. Availability of substrate in plants is important in respiration. Plants with a low content of the substrate will perform respiration with low rates too. So sebliknya if there is enough substrate so many respiration rate will increase.

2.      Oxygen availability. The availability of oxygen will affect the rate of respiration, but the influence of different magnitude for each different species and even between organs in the same tumbuhanyang. Normal fluctuations in oxygen content in the air does not much affect the rate of respiration, because the amount of oxygen required for berrespirasi plants are much lower than the available oxygen in the air.

3.      Temperature. The influence of the temperature factor for plant respiration rates are closely related to factors Q10, which is generally the reaction rate of respiration will increase for every increase in temperature of 10oC, but this depends on each species.

CHAPTER III

OBSERVATION METHOD

A.      Place and Date

This experiment’s is done at:

Day and Date       : Freday, December31^th 2010

Time                     : at 16.00-17.00 pm

Place                     : Laboratory of Biology

                                      Faculty Mathematic and Science

                                      Makassar State University

                                       (at the 2^nd east floor part)

B.       Tools and Materials

1.      Tools

a)      Simple Respirometer

b)     Small pipette

c)      Stopwatch / Clock Hand

2.      Materials

a)      Cotton

b)      Vaseline

c)      Kristal KOH

d)     Eosin solution

e)      Some Types of Small Animals as Cockroaches and Grasshopper

C.      Work Procedure

1)        Provided tools Respirometer, by first entering KOH crystals that have been wrapped in cotton wool into the neck tube Respirometer

2)        Taking 2 different tail size of cockroaches

3)        Entering the first cockroach in Respirometer, then closed and placed into the back support

4)        Apply Vaseline in connection with the closing Respirometer tube to prevent any leakage

5)        Eosin solution dripping on the tip of a glass pipe on the right scale scale 0 ml

6)        Eosin shift observed along the glass scale pipeline, and then record the distance scale ranging from 0-30 second

7)        Observations until Eosin arrived on a scale of 1 ml of Eosin solution or does not move anymore.

8)        1-7 activities for animals of different sizes and animals the same size but different types

CHAPTER IV

OBSERVATION RESULT

A.  Observation Result

     From the experiment, we can get the result such  as :

a.    Observation Table

1.      First activity

Material I: Big Grasshopper

NO	Second n-	Scale	Explanation( ml/second)
1	30	0,20	0,0066
2	60	0,44	0,0073
3	90	0,63	0,0070
4	120	0,82	0,0068
5	150	0,96	0,0064
6	165	1,00	0,0064

Material II: small Grasshopper

NO	Second n-	Scale	Explanation( ml/second)
1	30	0,33	0,011
2	60	0,55	0,0092
3	90	0,77	0,0085
4	120	0,86	0,0072
5	150	0,95	0,0063
6	173	1,00	0,0057

2.      The second activity

Material III: Big Cockroaches

NO	Second n-	Scale	Explanation( ml/second)
1	30	0,33	0,011
2	60	0,62	0,010
3	90	0,69	0,0076
4	120	0,91	0,0075
5	150	1,00	0,0056

Material IV: Small Cockroaches

No	Second n-	Scale	Explanation (ml/second)
1	30	0,14	0,0046
2	60	0,32	0,0053
3	90	0,40	0,0044
4	120	0,63	0,0052
5	150	0,82	0,0054
6	180	0,84	0,0046
7	210	0,90	0,0042
8	233	1,00	0,0042

B.Discussion

1.      The first activity

In the first activity we had observed the respiration process of the big Grasshopper and the small grasshopper. According the data we can see the different of the scale. Where for the big grasshopper star from the first second (30 second) arrived in the 0,20 ml and ended in the 1 scale with the time 165 second. It is so different with the small grasshopper that star from 30 second in the 0,33 scale and ended in the 1 scale with time 173 second. It is mean that the speed of the big and the small grasshopper is different and the big grasshopper is more speed than the small. It is mean that the oxygen requirement of animal also depend on the body size. So, if an organism has a bigger size the need of the oxygen is more than the smaller size. It proven that the oxygen requirement of the big animal to do their respiration process are more  than the small animal.

2.      The second activity

In this activity use the same kind of animal also, but has different size also. That are the big and the small of the Cockroaches. From the data we get if the big cockroaches is able to finish until the end of the scale with time 176 second, than the small cockroaches is able to finish the end scale with time 233 second. The different of time is so far, it is mean that the big cockroaches more speed than the small one. It has same statement with the explanation in the first activity. That is the oxygen requirement of animal depend on the animal size.     

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A.    Conclusion
According to this experiment, we can conclude that the organism need oxygen to their respiration and there is a different of oxygen requirement of each organism based to their body size. This experiment proven that the organism life need to their respiration.   

B.     Suggestion

1.      Laboratory should have to provide tools and advance the good materials that will be used to practice so that practice can be implemented properly as we would like together.

2.      The assistant should always accompany the Praktikan in one group. Assistant concentration  so could lead Praktikan in a group in doing practical work.

3.      Practican should be more careful and more thorough in doing practical work, especially in calculating the scale Respirometer thus obtained the results we want with.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Anonymous ¹. 2011. Insect. http://en wikipedis.org/wiki/. Accessed on January     3^th2011

Anonimous², 2011. Respiration. http://bima.ipb.ic.id/. Accessed on January 3^th2011

Kaufman.1989. Plans. New York: Harper and row

Tim Pengajar.2010. Penuntun Praktikum biologi . Makassar: FMIPA UNM

Wallace. 1991. Biology the science of life. New York: Harpercollils